Glutathione (GSH)

L-Glutathione | Master Antioxidant Tripeptide

Weight: 307.32 Da
Half-life: ~10-14 minutes (IV)
Chain: 3 amino acids
4 studies
2025 latest
2 recent
Extensively Studied
Dose 100-600 mg injectable (100-200mg wellness, 200-600mg intensive); IV dosing higher (600-1400mg clinical)
Frequency 2-3 times weekly for subcutaneous; weekly for IV infusions
Cycle 8-12 weeks
Storage Lyophilized: 2-8°C refrigerated, protect from light; Reconstituted: 2-8°C refrigerated, protect from light

Community Research

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Glutathione is the body's master antioxidant, a tripeptide produced naturally by the liver. It protects cells against free radicals, peroxides, and heavy metals while eliminating toxins including drugs and pollutants. Injectable glutathione bypasses gastrointestinal breakdown for superior bioavailability compared to oral supplements. Research supports benefits for neurological health, immune function, skin health, and anti-aging.

Mechanism of Action

Glutathione acts as the primary intracellular antioxidant, directly neutralizing reactive oxygen species and regenerating other antioxidants like vitamins C and E. It plays crucial roles in detoxification by conjugating with toxins for elimination, supports immune function through T-cell regulation, protects mitochondria, and maintains cellular redox balance. The thiol group of cysteine provides its antioxidant activity.

01 Master antioxidant - protects against oxidative stress
02 Detoxification of heavy metals and toxins
03 Immune system support and T-cell function
04 Neuroprotective effects
05 Skin health and potential brightening effects
06 Liver protection and function
07 Mitochondrial support
08 Anti-aging properties

Molecular Data

Molecular Weight
307.32 Da
Chain Length
3 amino acids
Type
Tripeptide
Amino Acid Sequence
One-letter: ?ECG
H₂N
H
? 1
O C
N
E 2
O C
N
C 3
O C
N
H
G 4
COOH
γ
1

γ

Position 1

Glu
2

Glutamic Acid

Position 2

Cys
3

Cysteine

Position 3

Gly
4

Glycine

Position 4

N-terminus C-terminus
Hydrophobic
Polar
Positive (+)
Negative (-)
Modified
Peak 0.0 mcg
Trough 0.0 mcg
SS Peak 0.0 mcg
SS Trough 0.0 mcg

Research Indications

Antioxidant & Detox
Oxidative Stress Reduction most effective

Primary cellular antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and protects against oxidative damage.

Heavy Metal Detoxification effective

Binds and facilitates elimination of heavy metals and environmental toxins.

Liver Support effective

Essential for hepatic detoxification pathways and liver protection.

Neurological
Parkinson's Disease Support moderate

IV glutathione showed improvements in mental function and speech quality in case studies.

Neuroprotection moderate

Protects neurons against oxidative damage and supports brain health.

Immune & Skin
Immune Enhancement effective

Improved Th1 cytokines and immune markers in HIV patients with supplementation.

Skin Health moderate

Supports skin health with potential brightening effects through melanin modulation.

Anti-Aging moderate

Combats age-related oxidative stress and supports cellular longevity.

Dosing Protocols

Injectable glutathione is the most effective delivery method, bypassing GI breakdown for direct absorption. Subcutaneous injections are typically administered 2-3 times weekly. IV administration is fastest-acting but requires clinical supervision. Start with lower doses to assess tolerance.

GoalDoseFrequencyRoute
General wellness100-200 mg2-3x weeklySubQ
Intensive therapy200-600 mg2-3x weeklySubQ or IV
Detoxification600-1000 mgWeekly IVIV (clinical)
Parkinson's support1400 mg2-3x weeklyIV (clinical)

Reconstitution Instructions

Materials Needed:
  • Bacteriostatic water or sterile saline
  • Insulin syringes
  • Alcohol swabs
  • Peptide vial
  • Sterile work surface
  1. 1 Clean work area and hands thoroughly
  2. 2 Calculate required water volume
  3. 3 Draw diluent into syringe
  4. 4 Inject slowly into vial
  5. 5 Gently swirl until dissolved (never shake)
  6. 6 Store in refrigerator, protect from light

Interactions

++
NAD+
Both support cellular energy and antioxidant systems; commonly combined in longevity protocols.
synergistic
++
Vitamin C
Glutathione regenerates oxidized vitamin C, creating synergistic antioxidant effects.
synergistic
++
SS-31
Both protect mitochondria; different mechanisms complement each other.
synergistic
+
BPC-157
No known negative interactions.
compatible

What to Expect

Immediately
Antioxidant activity begins
Days-Week 1
Improved energy and well-being may be noticed
Week 2-4
Cumulative detoxification benefits
Week 4-12
Full benefits for skin, immunity, and cellular health

Side Effects & Safety

Common Side Effects

  • Injection site reactions
  • Mild nausea (usually with higher doses)
  • Abdominal cramping

Stop Signs - Discontinue if:

  • Signs of allergic reaction (rash, difficulty breathing)
  • Severe abdominal pain
  • Signs of zinc deficiency

Contraindications

  • Known allergy to glutathione
  • Pregnancy or breastfeeding (insufficient safety data)
  • Asthma (may trigger bronchospasm in some)

Quality Checklist

Good Signs

  • White to off-white lyophilized powder
  • Clear solution after reconstitution
  • Reduced (not oxidized) form
  • Intact vacuum seal

Warning Signs

  • Slight yellowing may indicate oxidation

Bad Signs

  • Dark yellow or brown coloration
  • Cloudy solution
  • Strong sulfur odor (beyond mild)

References

  • Randomized, double-blind, pilot evaluation of intravenous glutathione in Parkinson's disease
    Hauser RA, Lyons KE, McClain T, Carter S, Perlmutter D
    Movement Disorders (2009)

    21 PD subjects randomized to IV glutathione 1,400 mg or placebo 3x weekly for 4 weeks. Well tolerated with no safety concerns. Preliminary data suggested possibility of mild symptomatic effect.

  • Liposomal Glutathione Supplementation Restores TH1 Cytokine Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in HIV-Infected Individuals
    Ly J, Lagman M, Saing T, Singh MK, Tudella EV, Morris D, Anderson J, Daliva J, Ochoa C, Patel N, Venketaraman V
    Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research (2015)

    13-week liposomal glutathione supplementation in HIV-infected individuals resulted in significant increases in plasma Th1 cytokines IL-12 and IFN-γ, restoring immune response.

  • Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of Glutathione Supplementation for Skin Lightening: A Narrative Review
    Various
    Cureus (2025)

    Narrative review concluding glutathione has potential as a depigmenting agent. Oral supplementation shows significant but variable melanin reduction. IV use associated with safety concerns including anaphylaxis.

  • Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health
    Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, Lupton JR, Turner ND
    Journal of Nutrition (2004)

    Comprehensive review establishing glutathione's roles in antioxidant defense, nutrient metabolism, regulation of gene expression, DNA/protein synthesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis, immune response, and protein glutathionylation.

Disclaimer

This information is for educational and research purposes only. Consult a healthcare professional before use.